Hidden Hong Kong: A history of the nascent Hong Kong dollar

In the beginning, it was all a mixed bag of coins.

When Hong Kong was first ceded to the British in 1841, the sleepy fishing village rapidly grew into a bustling trade port that attracted merchants from all over the world. Without a local currency, a mix of foreign currencies was used instead, among them the Indian rupee, the Spanish dollar, the British pound sterling, and Chinese cash coins.

It wasn’t until a few years later in 1845 that the first bank opened in Hong Kong. The Oriental Bank began issuing the city’s first banknote, a five-dollar bill so large it had to be folded multiple times before it could fit in people’s wallets, leading to its affectionate nickname of “Big Blanket.”

Banks such as the Bank of China, Standard Chartered, and The Hongkong and Shanghai Banking Corporation would all be established afterwards in the following half-decade; today, all banknotes worth $20 or above are issued by these three major banks, while the Hong Kong government supplies all coins and notes worth $10 or under. If you’ve ever wondered why Hong Kong dollar notes come printed with different illustrations unique to each of the three major banks while coins all carry the same design, now you know.

Coins followed soon after the bills, and in 1863, the Royal Mint in London began producing coins for their flourishing colony. These bore the face of Queen Victoria—the reigning monarch then—and included silver 10-cent coins, as well as bronze one-cent and one-mil coins. One mil was essentially a thousandth of a dollar, but don’t scoff; back then, it could pay for whole meals, such as a bowl of porridge or wonton noodles. Nevertheless, it’d be beyond worthless nowadays, giving rise to the Cantonese expression “not worth a mil” to describe something as utterly worthless.

The colonial government then tried their hand at manufacturing coins themselves and established the Hong Kong Mint in 1866, fashioning them after the design of the Spanish dollars. Chinese locals didn’t like how they looked, though, and avoided using the coins, causing the mint to close down just two years later with a whopping loss of $440,000. The machinery was eventually sold to the Japanese, who used them to mass-produce the country’s very first yen coins.

And so, a young currency is born.

Near the end of the nineteenth century, the financial world was hit by an international silver crisis as silver rapidly devalued against gold-based currencies. Countries began to reevaluate their currencies, and by 1935, only China and Hong Kong remained on the silver standard. China ditched silver that year, and Hong Kong followed suit in a few months. The colonial government issued one-dollar notes and—as expected of a British colony—pegged the Hong Kong dollar to the British pound sterling at a rate of $16 to one pound, officially giving birth to the Hong Kong dollar.

Unfortunately, the new dollar only got to circulate for a few years before it was abruptly replaced. During the Second World War, Britain was forced to surrender Hong Kong to be occupied by the Japanese, who mandated the Japanese Military Yen to be the only legal currency in the territory. One yen was declared the equivalent of $4, a far cry from the ratio of today (one yen to $0.07).

After the war, the British government regained full control of the city and began issuing the first two-dollar and five-dollar coins in the 1970s, the latter of which was decagonal. Five-cent coins were also removed from circulation as prices rose, though interestingly enough, government-issued one-cent banknotes didn’t cease to be a legal tender until 1995.

Finding an anchor in changing tides is challenging.

The British weren’t destined to rule over Hong Kong and its finances for perpetuity, however. The 1997 deadline of the 99-year lease of the New Territories was drawing close, prompting London and Beijing to launch into a series of negotiations in the 1980s. 

With all the uncertainty about the city’s future at this point, the Hong Kong dollar—which has since been unpegged from the pound and transformed into a floating currency—dove into a free fall, hitting an all-time low on 24 September 1983. On that day, one US dollar exchanged for $9.6, igniting public panic as citizens rushed to stock up on food; some stores even began quoting their prices in US dollars because of how unreliable the Hong Kong dollar has become.

To stop the situation from spiralling out of control, the government had to act quick, and act well. Following a flurry of discussion, the government revealed its plan just a month later and announced that the Hong Kong dollar will now be pegged to the US dollar at a rate of US$1 to HK$7.8. The move had a trifold effect: It calmed citizens down on a social level, reassured foreign investors on a financial level, and signalled London’s commitment to Hong Kong’s autonomy on a political level in the context of the handover negotiations.

This linked exchange rate system stabilised the Hong Kong dollar, strengthening investment and trade in the city. It’s been in use ever since. The Hong Kong Monetary Authority also keeps a forex reserve that totals more than US$400 billion and buys US dollars if the local currency is too strong and vice versa to keep the exchange rate steady throughout the years.

As US-China relations sour in recent times, who knows what will be in store for the young Hong Kong dollar? Whatever turn the currency will take, its history is a fair reflection of the city’s multifarious identity. Perhaps now’s a good time to start preserving a piece of that history and collect some of those coins with Queen Elizabeth’s face on it before they vanish from circulation.